Shia Islam
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"Shia" and "Shias" redirect here. For other uses, see Shia (disambiguation).
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Adherents of Shia Islam are called Shias or the Shi'a as a collective or Shi'i individually.[3] Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam: in 2009, Shia Muslims constituted 10–13% of the world's Muslim population.[4] Twelver Shia (Ithnā'ashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shia Islam.[5] In 2012 it was estimated that perhaps 85 percent of Shias were Twelvers.[6]
Shia Islam is based on the Quran and the message of the Islamic prophet Muhammad attested in hadith, and on hadith taught by their Imams.[7][8] Shia consider Ali to have been divinely appointed as the successor to Muhammad, and as the first Imam. The Shia also extend this "Imami" doctrine to Muhammad's family, the Ahl al-Bayt ("the People of the House"), and some individuals among his descendants, known as Imams, who they believe possess special spiritual and political authority over the community, infallibility, and other divinely-ordained traits.[9] Although there are myriad Shia subsects, modern Shia Islam has been divided into three main groupings: Twelvers, Ismailis and Zaidis, with Twelver Shia being the largest and most influential group among Shia.[10][11][12]
Contents
Etymology
Main article: Shia etymology
The word Shia (Arabic: شيعة shīʻah /ˈʃiːʕa/) means follower[13] and is the short form of the historic phrase shīʻatu ʻAlī (شيعة علي /ˈʃiːʕatu ˈʕaliː/), meaning "followers of Ali", "faction of Ali", or "party of Ali".[14] Shi'a and Shiism are forms used in English, while Shi'ite or Shiite, as well as Shia, refer to its adherents.Terminology
The term for the first time was used at the time of Muhammad.[15] At present, the word refers to the Muslims who believe that the leadership of the community after Muhammad belongs to Ali and his successors. Nawbakhti states that the term Shia refers to a group of Muslims that at the time of the prophet and after him regarded Ali as the Imam and Caliph.[16] Al-Shahrastani expresses that the term Shia refers to those who believe that Ali is designated as the Heir, Imam and caliph by the prophet[17] and also Ali's authority never goes out of his descendants.[18] For the Shia, this conviction is implicit in the Quran and history of Islam. Shia scholars emphasize that the notion of authority is linked to the family of the prophets as the verses 3:33,34 shows: "Indeed, Allah chose Adam and Noah and the family of Abraham and the family of 'Imran over the worlds - (33) Descendants, some of them from others. And Allah is Hearing and Knowing. (34)"[19] Shia search for the true meaning of the revelation to get the purpose of the life blood and the human destiny.[20]Beliefs
Main article: Shia Islamic beliefs and practices
Imamate
Succession of Ali
Main articles: Shia view of Ali and Succession to Muhammad
Shia Muslims believe that just as a prophet is appointed by God
alone, only God has the prerogative to appoint the successor to his
prophet. They believe God chose Ali to be Muhammad's successor,
infallible, the first caliph (khalifa, head of state) of Islam. The Shias believe that Muhammad designated Ali as his successor by God's command.[21][22]Ali was Muhammad's first cousin and closest living male relative as well as his son-in-law, having married Muhammad's daughter Fatimah.[23][24] Ali would eventually become the fourth Muslim (sunni) caliph.[25]
After the Farewell Pilgrimage, Muhammad ordered the gathering of Muslims at the pond of Khumm and it was there that Shia Muslims believe Muhammad nominated Ali to be his successor. The hadith of the pond of Khumm was narrated on 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah of 10 AH in the Islamic calendar (10 March 632 AD) at a place called Ghadir Khumm, located near the city of al-Juhfah, Saudi Arabia.[26] Muhammad there stated:
Oh people! Reflect on the Quran and comprehend its verses. Look into its clear verses and do not follow its ambiguous parts, for by Allah, none shall be able to explain to you its warnings and its mysteries, nor shall anyone clarify its interpretation, other than the one that I have grasped his hand, brought up beside myself, [and lifted his arm,] the one about whom I inform you that whomever I am his master (Mawla[a]), then Ali is his master (Mawla); and he is Ali Ibn Abi Talib, my brother, the executor of my will (Wasiyyi), whose appointment as your guardian and leader has been sent down to me from Allah, the mighty and the majestic.
— Muhammad, from The Farewell Sermon[28]
Shia Muslims believe this to be Muhammad's appointment of Ali as his successor.
- The word mawla has many meanings as discussed in the book "Patronate And Patronage in Early And Classical Islam" By Monique Bernards, John Nawas on page 25:
"[M]awla may refer to a client, a patron, an agnate (brother, son, father's brother, father' brothers son), an affined kinsman, (brother-in-law, son-in-law), a friend, a supporter, a follower, a drinking companion, a partner, a newly-converted Muslim attached to a Muslim and last but not least an ally. Most of these categories have legal implications. In Islamic times, the term mawala mostly referred to Muslim freedmen and freed non-Arabs who attached themselves to Arabs upon their conversion to Islam. In these senses, Mawla is commonly translated as "a client". The association of mawla with non-arabs and a low status imparted an increasingly pejorative connotation to it.[27]
Ali's caliphate
The Investiture of Ali at Ghadir Khumm (MS Arab 161, fol. 162r, AD 1309/8 Ilkhanid manuscript illustration)
Ali's rule over the early Muslim community was often contested, and wars were waged against him. As a result, he had to struggle to maintain his power against the groups who betrayed him after giving allegiance to his succession, or those who wished to take his position. This dispute eventually led to the First Fitna, which was the first major civil war within the Islamic Caliphate. The Fitna began as a series of revolts fought against the first imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib, caused by the assassination of his political predecessor, Uthman ibn Affan. While the rebels who accused Uthman of prejudice[clarification needed] affirmed Ali's khilafa (caliph-hood), they later turned against him and fought him.[23] Ali ruled from 656 CE to 661 CE,[23] when he was assassinated[24] while prostrating in prayer (sujud). Ali's main rival Muawiyah then claimed the caliphate.[29]
Hasan ibn Ali
Main article: Hasan ibn Ali
Upon the death of Ali, his elder son Hasan
became leader of the Muslims of Kufa, and after a series of skirmishes
between the Kufa Muslims and the army of Muawiyah, Hasan agreed to cede
the caliphate to Muawiyah and maintain peace among Muslims upon certain
conditions:[30][31]- The enforced public cursing of Ali, e.g. during prayers, should be abandoned
- Muawiyah should not use tax money for his own private needs
- There should be peace, and followers of Hasan should be given security and their rights
- Muawiyah will never adopt the title of Amir ul mom
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